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Accounting

The language of business, from journal entries to financial statement analysis. Written from both a U.S. GAAP and IFRS perspective for analysts, investors, and business owners.

01

Financial statements explained

Understand the structure and purpose of the three core financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. Learn how they connect, how to read them, and how companies use them to communicate financial performance.

  • Balance sheet: assets, liabilities, and equity
  • Income statement: revenue, expenses, and profitability
  • Cash flow statement: operating, investing, and financing activities
02

GAAP vs IFRS fundamentals

Compare the two most widely used accounting frameworks, U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Discover their conceptual differences, recognition criteria, and presentation rules for assets, liabilities, and revenue.

  • U.S. GAAP: rules-based, standardized by FASB
  • IFRS: principles-based, standardized by IASB
  • Convergence trends between GAAP and IFRS
03

Ratio analysis and interpretation

Learn how to interpret financial health using key ratios from a company's statements. Ratio analysis turns raw data into actionable insight for valuation, performance, and risk assessment.

  • Liquidity ratios (current, quick)
  • Profitability ratios (ROE, ROA, margin)
  • Leverage ratios (debt-to-equity, interest coverage)
04

Auditing and internal controls basics

Auditing ensures the accuracy of financial statements and strengthens trust in corporate governance. Internal controls safeguard assets and prevent fraud.

  • Types of audits: internal, external, and forensic
  • Key internal control components (COSO framework)
  • Ethics, independence, and audit opinions

Further reading

Recommended materials for mastering accounting and financial reporting.

Recommended books

  • Financial Accounting by Weygandt, Kimmel, and Kieso
  • Intermediate Accounting by Kieso and Warfield
  • Auditing and Assurance Services by Arens and Elder

Online courses

  • Coursera: Introduction to Financial Accounting (Wharton)
  • edX: IFRS Certification Course
  • LinkedIn Learning: Accounting Foundations